Research
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For more than fifteen years my research focusses on survey methodology. Most studies are Web experiments on the implementation and design of online questionnaires and the impact of rating scales on data quality (e.g., using the free Web service VAS Generator).

2018
12 Toepoel, V. & Funke, F. (2018). Sliders, visual analogue scales, or buttons: Influence of formats and scales in mobile and desktop surveys. Mathematical Population Studies, 25(2), 112–122.
doi: 10.1080/08898480.2018.1439245
2016
11 Funke, F. (2016). A Web experiment showing negative effects of slider scales compared to visual analogue scales and radio button scales [Belege aus einem Webexperiment für negative Effekte von Sliderskalen im Vergleich zu visuellen Analogskalen und Antwortskalen aus Radiobutton]. Social Science Computer Review, 34(2), 244–254.
doi: 10.1177/0894439315575477
2015
conferences
51 Funke, F. & Toepoel, V. (2015, July). Higher item nonresponse rates caused by slider scales in Web surveys. Paper presented at the 6th conference of the European Survey Research Association (ESRA), Reykjavík (Iceland).
50 Funke, F. & Borger, C. (2015, March). Responsive questionnaire design for higher data quality in mobile surveys. Paper presented at the 16th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Cologne (Germany).
49 Funke, F. & Toepoel, V. (2015, March). Click, touch, slide: Impact of the implementation of graphical rating scales on data quality in mobile and desktop settings. Paper presented at the 16th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Cologne (Germany).
2014
conferences
48 Toepoel, V. & Funke, F. (2014, May). Investigating response quality in mobile, tablet, and desktop surveys: A comparison of radio buttons, visual analogue scales, and slider scales. Paper presented at the 69th conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), Anaheim, CA (U.S.A.).
47 Funke, F. & Göritz, A. S. (2014, March). The use of paradata to predict future cooperation in a panel study. Poster presented at the 16th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Cologne (Germany).
2013
conferences
46 Funke, F. (2013, July). Effect of slider scales in Web surveys: Lower data quality and biased sample composition compared to measurement with visual analogue scales or radio button scales. Paper presented at the 5th conference of the European Survey Research Association (ESRA), Ljubljana (Slovenia).
45 Gebhard, F., Blom, A. Gschwend, T., & Funke, F. (2013, July). Measuring political placement on a left-right scale: Radio buttons, sliders, midpoints and question order effects. Paper presented at the 5th conference of the European Survey Research Association (ESRA), Ljubljana (Slovenia).
44 Blom, A., Bossert, D., Funke, F., Gebhard, F., Holthausen, A., & Krieger, U. (2013, March). Nonresponse and nonresponse bias in a probability-based Internet panel. Paper presented at the 15th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Mannheim (Germany).
43 Funke, F. (2013, March). HTML5 and mobile Web surveys: A Web experiment on new input types. Poster presented at the 15th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Mannheim (Germany).
2012
10 Funke, F. & Reips, U.-D. (2012). Why semantic differentials in Web-based research should be made from visual analogue scales and not from 5-point scales. Field Methods, 24, 310–327.
doi: 10.1177/1525822X12444061
09 Degen, R. & Funke, F. (2012). Frauen, Smartphones und mobile Internetnutzung: Ergebnisse einer bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Studie [Women, smartphones, and the mobile Web: Results from a representative survey in Germany]. In B. Kampmann, B. Keller, M. Knippelmeyer, & F. Wagner (Eds.), Die Frauen und das Netz [Women and the Web] (pp. 311–326). Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler.
conferences
42 Bosnjak, M., Becker, K. R., Poggio, T., Funke, F., Wachenfeld, A., & Fischer, B. (2012, November). Mobile survey participation rates in commercial market research panel: A meta-analysis. Paper presented at ISM Workshop on Internet Survey Methodology, Ljubljana (Slovenia).
41 Funke, F. (2012, November). Enhancing Web surveys with new HTML5 input types. Paper presented at ISM Workshop on Internet Survey Methodology, Ljubljana (Slovenia).
Travel grant from the COST Action IS1004 (Webdatanet)
40 Funke, F. (2012, November). Visual analogue scales vs. slider scales in Web surveys: Pros and cons. Paper presented at the Midterm Conference "Quantitative Methods in European Sociology" of the European Sociological Association (ESA), Research Network RN21, Maribor (Slovenia).
39 Funke, F. (2012, March). Internet-based measurement with visual analogue scales: An experimental investigation. Paper presented at the 14th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Mannheim (Germany).
38 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2012, March). Better low-tech than sorry: How technophile questionnaires may affect psychological representativeness. Poster presented at the 14th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Mannheim (Germany).
37 Funke, F., & Wachenfeld, A. (2012, March). High potential for mobile Web surveys: Findings from a survey representative for German Internet users. Poster presented at the 14th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Mannheim (Germany).
2011
08 Funke, F., Reips, U.-D., & Thomas, R. K. (2011). Sliders for the smart: Type of rating scale on the Web interacts with educational level. Social Science Computer Review, 29, 221–231.
doi: 10.1177/0894439310376896
conferences
36 Funke, F. (2011, November). Web-based rating scales: HTML 5 and other innovation. Paper presented at the 2nd WEBDATANET meeting, Amsterdam (The Netherlands).
35 Funke, F. (2011, August). Ignoring the compatibility of Web surveys may bias the psychological composition of your sample. Paper presented at the 5th Internet Survey Methodology Workshop, The Hague (The Netherlands).
34 Funke, F. (2011, July). Explaining more variance with visual analogue scales: A Web experiment. Paper presented at the 4th conference of the European Survey Research Association (ESRA), Lausanne (Switzerland).
Travel funding by German Academic Exchange Service
33 Funke, F. (2011, May). Verbesserung von Datengüte und Analysemöglichkeiten durch den Einsatz visueller Analogskalen in Onlineumfragen [Improving data quality and options for analyses with visual analogue scales in Web surveys]. Paper presented at the joint meeting of the method section of the German Sociological Association and the committee for methods of the German Political Science Association, Mannheim (Germany).
32 Funke, F., Reips, U.-D., & Thomas, R. K. (2011, March). Slider scales causing problems with less educated respondents. Paper presented at the 13th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Düsseldorf (Germany).
2010
07 Funke, F. (2010). Internet-based measurement with visual analogue scales: An experimental investigation. Dissertation Faculty of Science, Department of Psychology at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen (Germany).
conferences
31 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2010, July). Detecting small effects with visual analogue scales. Paper presented at the XVII ISA World Congress of Sociology, Gothenburg (Sweden).
Travel funding by German Academic Exchange Service
30 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2010, May). Formatting error with ordinal rating scales and visual analogue scales. Paper presented at the 12th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Pforzheim (Germany).
29 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2010, May). Increase statistical power with visual analogue scales. Poster presented at the 12th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Pforzheim (Germany).
28 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2010, April). Better measurement with visual analogue scales: A Web experiment. Poster presented at the first joint meeting of the Experimental Psychology Society (EPS) and the Spanish Experimental Psychological Society (SEPEX), Granada (Spain).
2009
06 Fuchs, M., & Funke, F. (2009). Die Video-unterstützte Online-Befragung: Soziale Präsenz, soziale Erwünschtheit und Underreporting sensitiver Informationen [Video-enhanced online surveying: Social presence, social desirability and underreporting with sensitive information]. In N. Jackob, H. Schoen & T. Zerback (Eds.): Sozialforschung im Internet: Methodologie und Praxis der Online-Befragung [Social research on the Internet: Methodology and practice of online surveying] (pp. 159-180). Wiesbaden: VS.
conferences
27 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2009, November). Making small effects observable: Lowering error with visual analogue scales. Poster presented at the 39rd conference of the Society for Computers in Psychology (SCiP), Boston, MA (USA).
26 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2009, September). Internet survey methods: Evolutions and Revolutions. Paper presented at the 1st International Workshop on Internet Survey, Deajeon (South Korea).
25 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2009, September). Yes, VASs can! Visual analogue scales for Web-based research. Paper presented at the 2009 ISM Workshop on Internet Survey Methodology, Bergamo (Italy).
24 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2009, July). Twisting rating scales: Horizontal versus vertical visual analogue scales versus categorical scales in Web-based research. Paper presented at the 3rd conference of the European Survey Research Association (ESRA), Warsaw (Poland).
Travel funding by German Academic Exchange Service
23 Funke, F., Reips, U.-D., & Thomas, R. K. (2009, July). Increasing confidence in survey estimates with visual analogue scales. Paper presented at the 3rd conference of the European Survey Research Association (ESRA), Warsaw (Poland).
Travel funding by German Academic Exchange Service
22 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2009, April). Formatting error with visual analogue scales in Web surveys. Paper presented at the 11th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Vienna (Austria).
21 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2009, April). Results from 6 independent Web experiments comparing visual analogue scales with categorical scales. Paper presented at the 11th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Vienna (Austria).
20 Thomas, R. K., Terhanian, G., & Funke, F. (2009, April). Response formats in cross-cultural comparisons in Web-based surveys. Paper presented at the 11th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Vienna (Austria).
2008
05 Reips, U.-D., & Funke, F. (2008). Interval-level measurement with visual analogue scales in Internet-based research: VAS Generator. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 699–704.
doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.699
conferences
19 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2008, September). Assessing semantic differentials with visual analogue scales in Web surveys. Paper presented at the 7th international conference of the RC-33 (Research Comittee 33 "Logic and Methodology") of the International Sociological Association (ISA), Naples (Italy).
18 Funke, F., Reips, U.-D., & Thomas, R. K. (2008, September). Visual analogue scales in cross cultural Web surveys. Paper presented at the 7th international conference of the RC-33 (Research Comittee 33 "Logic and Methodology") of the International Sociological Association (ISA), Naples (Italy).
17 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2008, July). Assessment with visual analogue scales on the Internet. Paper presented at the 29th International Congress of Psychology ICP 2008, Berlin (Germany).
16 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2008, March). Differences and similarities between visual analogue scales, slider scales and categorical scales in Web surveys. Poster presented on the 10th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Hamburg (Germany).
15 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2008, March). Visual analogue scales versus categorical scales: Respondent burden, cognitive depth, and data quality. Paper presented on the 10th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Hamburg (Germany).
2007
04 Fuchs, M., & Funke, F. (2007). Video Web survey: Results of an experimental comparison with a text-based survey. In M. Trotman et al. (Eds.): The challenges of a changing world. Proceedings of the fifth international conference of the association for survey computing (pp. 63-80). Berkeley: ASC.
03 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2007). Datenerhebung im Netz: Messmethoden und Skalen [Data collection in the Web: Measuring devices and scales]. In M. Welker & O. Wenzel (Eds.): Online-Forschung 2007: Grundlagen und Fallstudien [Online research 2007: Principles and case studies] (pp. 52-76). Cologne: Halem.
conferences
14 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2007, November). Evaluating the influence of visual analogue scales on response behavior. Paper presented at the 37th conference of the Society for Computers in Psychology (SCiP), Long Beach, CA (USA).
13 Fuchs, M., & Funke, F. (2007, September). Video Web surveys: Results from field-experimental comparisons with text-based Web surveys. Paper presented at the 2007 Workshop on Internet Survey Methodology, Lillehammer (Norway).
12 Funke, F. (2007, September). Data from visual analogue scales: Quality and comparison to categorical scales. Paper presented at the 2007 Workshop on Internet Survey Methodology, Lillehammer (Norway).
11 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2007, September). New types of measurement in Internet-based research. Poster presented at the 10th congress of the Swiss Society for Psychology, Zurich (Switzerland).
10 Fuchs, M., & Funke, F. (2007, September). Multimedia Web surveys: Results from a field experiment on the use of audio and video clips in Web surveys. Paper presented at the 5th international conference on Survey and Statistical Computing of the Association for Survey Computing (ASC), Southampton (GB).
09 Fuchs, M., & Funke, F. (2007, September). Using audio and video clips in Web surveys: Feasibility and impact on data quality. Paper presented at the 60th conference of the World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR), Berlin (Germany).
08 Funke, F. & Reips, U.-D. (2007, June). Improving data quality in Web surveys with visual analogue scales. Paper presented at the conference of the European Survey Research Association (ESRA), Prague (Czech Republic).
07 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2007, March). Dynamic forms: Online surveys 2.0. Paper presented at the 9th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Leipzig (Germany).
06 Reips, U.-D., & Funke, F. (2007, March). VASgenerator.net - A Web-based tool for creating visual analogue scales. Poster session presented at the 9th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Leipzig (Germany).
2006
02 Funke, F. (2006). Online- und Offlinevergleich Visueller Analogskalen mit 4- und 8-stufig skalierten Likert-Skalen bei einem Fragebogen zum Verhalten in sozialen Gruppen [Online and offline comparison of visual analogue scales with 4- and 8-point Likert scales with a questionnaire on behavior in social groups] [CD-ROM]. In K. S. Rehberg (Ed.): Soziale Ungleichheit, Kulturelle Unterschiede: Verhandlungen des 32. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie (pp. 4826-4838). Frankfurt a. M.: Campus.
conferences
05 Reips, U.-D., & Funke, F. (2006, November). Visual analogue scales for Internet-based research: VAS Generator. Poster session at the 36th conference of the Society for Computers in Psychology (SCiP), Houston, TX (USA).
04 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2006, March). Visual Analogue Scales: Non-linear data categorization by transformation with reduced extremes. Poster session presented at the 8th General Online Research (GOR) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Bielefeld (Germany).
Winner of the GOR 06 poster award
2005
conferences
03 Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2005, July). Stichprobenverzerrung durch browserbedingten Dropout [Sample bias by browser caused dropout]. Paper presented at the conference of the method section of the German Society for Sociology (DGS), Mannheim (Germany).
02 Funke, F. (2005, March). Visual analogue scales in Online surveys. Paper presented at the 7th General Online Research (G.O.R.) conference of the German Society for Online Research (D.G.O.F.), Zurich (Switzerland).
2004
01 Funke, F. (2004). Vergleich Visueller Analogskalen mit Kategorialskalen in Offline- und Onlinedesign [Comparison of visual analogue scales in offline and online design]. Unpublished master's thesis, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen (Germany).
conferences
01 Funke, F. (2004, October). Online- und Offlinevergleich Visueller Analogskalen mit 4- und 8-stufig skalierten Likert-Skalen bei einem Fragebogen zum Verhalten in sozialen Gruppen [Online and offline comparison of visual analogue scales with 4- and 8-point Likert scales with a questionnaire on behavior in social groups]. Paper presented at the congress of the German Society for Sociology (DGS), Munich (Germany).